Vladimir ilyich ulyanov biography of william

Founding leader of the Soviet Singleness from 1922 to 1924

"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" redirect here. For additional uses, see Lenin (disambiguation). For high-mindedness poem, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).

In this name that follows Eastern Slavonic naming customs, the patronymic is Ilyich and the family name is Ulyanov.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov^[b] (22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), get better known as Vladimir Lenin,^[c] was copperplate Russian revolutionary, politician and political hypothesizer who was the founder and cheeriness head of government of Soviet Empire from 1917 until his death sediment 1924, and of the Soviet Unity from 1922 until his death. Significance founder and leader of the Bolsheviks, Lenin led the October Revolution which established the world's first socialist realm. His government won the Russian Cosmopolitan War and consolidated power in graceful one-party state under the Communist Reception. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments go up against the ideology are called Leninism.

Born into a middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics succeeding his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled come across Kazan Imperial University for participating paddock protests against the Tsarist government, forbidden devoted the following years to copperplate law degree before relocating to Spirit Petersburg in 1893 and becoming first-class prominent Marxist activist. In 1897, Bolshevist was arrested for sedition and down-and-out to Siberia for three years. Settle down then moved to Western Europe, place he became a key figure make a fuss the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Toil Party. In the party's 1903 breach, he led his Bolshevik faction harm Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly exchanged to Russia during the failed Insurrection of 1905, and during the Important World War campaigned for its renewal into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which, as a Marxist, he believed would cause the end of capitalism added the rise of socialism. After justness February Revolution of 1917 ousted Overlord Nicholas II and established a Speculative Government, Lenin returned to Russia contemporary played a leading role in interpretation October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.

Lenin's government be suitable private ownership of land, nationalised senior industry and banks, withdrew from interpretation war by signing the Treaty go in for Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution bear the Communist International. The Bolsheviks firstly shared power with the Left Red Revolutionaries and allowed a multi-party Ingredient Assembly, but by 1918 centralised robustness in the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Consternation, and tens of thousands were fasten or interned in concentration camps. Responding to devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, Lenin reversed his policy of armed conflict communism in 1921, and stabilised grandeur Soviet economy through the New Commercial Policy. His administration defeated right unacceptable left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the State Civil War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken away circumvent the empire after 1917 were re-united in the new Soviet Union tabled 1922; others, notably Poland, gained home rule. Lenin suffered three debilitating strokes radiate 1922 and 1923 before his sortout in 1924, with Joseph Stalin next him as the pre-eminent figure entertain the Soviet government.

Lenin was goodness posthumous subject of a pervasive inner man cult within the Soviet Union waiting for its dissolution in 1991. Under Commie, he became an ideological figurehead loom Marxism–Leninism and a prominent influence crown the international communist movement. A arguable and highly divisive figure, Lenin evenhanded praised by his supporters for dogma a revolutionary government which took hierarchy towards socialism, while his critics accusation him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and political check. He was widely considered one annotation the most significant and influential count of the 20th century.

Early life

Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin

Childhood: 1870–1887

Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 April 1870, and baptized six days later; as a kid he was known as Volodya, say publicly common nickname variant of Vladimir. Pacify was the third of eight offspring, having two older siblings, Anna (born 1864) and Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more breed, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two posterior siblings died in infancy. His pa, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a blameless member of the Russian Orthodox Creed and baptised his children into niggardly, although his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), a Lutheran by education, was largely indifferent to Christianity, neat as a pin view that influenced her children.

Ilya Ulyanov was from a family of stool pigeon serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains all fingers and thumbs, with suggestions that he was spick and span Russian, Chuvash, Mordvin, or Kalmyk inheritance. Despite a lower-class background, he confidential risen to middle-class status, studying physics and mathematics at Kazan University in the past teaching at the Penza Institute mean the Nobility. In mid-1863, Ilya ringed Maria, the well-educated daughter of first-class wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and a Slavic Jewish father who had converted blame on Christianity and worked as a doctor of medicine. According to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it hype likely that Lenin was unaware be in opposition to his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by Anna after her majesty death. Soon after their wedding, Ilya obtained a job in Nizhny Metropolis, rising to become Director of Principal Schools in the Simbirsk district hexad years later. Five years after meander, he was promoted to Director be paid Public Schools for the province, superintendent the foundation of over 450 schools as a part of the government's plans for modernisation. In January 1882, his dedication to education earned him the Order of Saint Vladimir, which bestowed on him the status gaze at hereditary nobleman.

Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being attached to the emancipation reform of 1861 introduced by the reformist Tsar Alexanders II; they avoided political radicals submit there is no evidence that excellence police ever put them under scrutiny for subversive thought. Every summer they holidayed at a rural manor anxiety Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he confidential an extremely competitive nature and could be destructive, but usually admitted fillet misbehaviour. A keen sportsman, he prostrate much of his free time alfresco or playing chess, and excelled turnup for the books school, the disciplinarian and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.

In January 1886, when Bolshevik was 15, his father died be successful a brain haemorrhage. Subsequently, his mores became erratic and confrontational, and purify renounced his belief in God. Concede the time, Lenin's elder brother Vanquisher, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Petersburg Origination. Involved in political agitation against rectitude absolute monarchy of the reactionary Tzar Alexander III, Alexander studied the belles-lettres of banned leftists and organised anti-government protests. He joined a revolutionary police cell bent on assassinating the Tsar have a word with was selected to construct a shuck attack. Before the attack could take conversation, the conspirators were arrested and well-tried, and Alexander was executed by noose know the ropes be in May 1887. Despite the heated trauma of his father's and brother's deaths, Lenin continued studying, graduated school at the top of consummate class with a gold medal acknowledge exceptional performance, and decided to read law at Kazan University.

University and national radicalisation: 1887–1893

Upon entering Kazan University arbitrate August 1887, Lenin moved into nifty nearby flat. There, he joined far-out zemlyachestvo, a form of university ballet company that represented the men of unmixed particular region. This group elected him as its representative to the university's zemlyachestvo council, and he took back into a corner in a December demonstration against decide restrictions that banned student societies. Representation police arrested Lenin and accused him of being a ringleader in authority demonstration; he was expelled from significance university, and the Ministry of State Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino estate. There, he read voraciously, becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is to Superiority Done?

Lenin's mother was concerned by contain son's radicalisation, and was instrumental contain convincing the Interior Ministry to meaning him to return to the section of Kazan, but not the organization. On his return, he joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary circle, through which recognized discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital. This sparked his interest in Leninism, a socio-political theory that argued turn this way society developed in stages, that that development resulted from class struggle, duct that capitalist society would ultimately interaction way to socialist society and afterward communist society. Wary of his civic views, Lenin's mother bought a declare estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in the hope that her little one would turn his attention to agribusiness. He had little interest in croft management, and his mother soon advertise the land, keeping the house hoot a summer home.

In September 1889, probity Ulyanov family moved to the section of Samara, where Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion circle. There, Bolshevist fully embraced Marxism and produced orderly Russian language translation of Marx subject Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. He began to die the works of the Russian Proponent Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's debate that Russia was moving from structure to capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the proletariat, junior urban working class, rather than ethics peasantry. This Marxist perspective contrasted keep an eye on the view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held that the throng could establish socialism in Russia tough forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing free enterprise. This Narodnik view developed in greatness 1860s with the People's Freedom Resolution and was then dominant within say publicly Russian revolutionary movement. Lenin rejected leadership premise of the agrarian-socialist argument on the contrary was influenced by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev and befriended several Narodniks.

In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as the woman of a nobleman, persuaded the ministry to allow Lenin to take top exams externally at the University nominate St Petersburg, where he obtained birth equivalent of a first-class degree clang honours. The graduation celebrations were on the blink when his sister Olga died attain typhoid. Lenin remained in Samara asset several years, working first as span legal assistant for a regional boring and then for a local advocate. He devoted much time to cardinal politics, remaining active in Sklyarenko's progress and formulating ideas about how Communalism applied to Russia. Inspired by Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected data on Country society, using it to support a-ok Marxist interpretation of societal development crucial counter the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper on country bumpkin economics; it was rejected by rank liberal journal Russian Thought.

Revolutionary activity

Main article: Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin

Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900

In late 1893, Bolshevist moved to Saint Petersburg. There, flair worked as a barrister's assistant captivated rose to a senior position current a Marxist revolutionary cell that christened itself the Social-Democrats after the Proponent Social Democratic Party of Germany. Championship Marxism within the socialist movement, pacify encouraged the founding of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres. By break 1894, he was leading a Socialist workers' circle, and meticulously covered potentate tracks to evade police spies. Type began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist school instructor. He also authored a political run criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What honesty "Friends of the People" Are stomach How They Fight the Social-Democrats; circumnavigate 200 copies were illegally printed stop in mid-sentence 1894.

Hoping to cement connections between Social-Democrats and Emancipation of Labour, splendid group of Russian Marxists based rafter Switzerland, Lenin visited the country nominate meet group members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod. He proceeded to Paris trigger meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue viewpoint to research the Paris Commune outandout 1871, which he considered an untimely prototype for a proletarian government. Financed by his mother, he stayed shore a Swiss health spa before touring to Berlin, where he studied bolster six weeks at the Staatsbibliothek point of view met the Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht. Chronic to Russia with a stash acquisition illegal revolutionary publications, he travelled reach various cities distributing literature to forcible workers. While involved in producing adroit news sheet, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), he was among 40 activists run in in St. Petersburg and charged zone sedition.

Refused legal representation or bail, Bolshevist denied all charges against him on the other hand remained imprisoned for a year formerly sentencing. He spent this time theorising and writing. In this work good taste noted that the rise of unskilled capitalism in Russia had caused stout numbers of peasants to move show the cities, where they formed spruce up proletariat. From his Marxist perspective, Bolshevik argued that this Russian proletariat would develop class consciousness, which would contain turn lead them to violently displace Tsarism, the aristocracy, and the around and to establish a dictatorship invoke the proletariat that would move regard socialism.

In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial to three years' displaced person in eastern Siberia. He was acknowledged a few days in Saint Siege to put his affairs in train and used this time to gather with the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Struggle expend the Emancipation of the Working Rear. His journey to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which he was accompanied by his sluggishness and sisters. Deemed only a petty threat to the government, he was exiled to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, hoop he was kept under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able to be congruous with other revolutionaries, many of whom visited him, and permitted to set aside on trips to swim in dignity Yenisei River and to hunt bend and snipe.

In May 1898, Nadya husbandly him in exile, having been nick in August 1896 for organising swell strike. She was initially posted force to Ufa, but persuaded the authorities money move her to Shushenskoye, where she and Lenin married on 10 July 1898. Settling into a family existence with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, rephrase Shushenskoye the couple translated English marxist literature into Russian. There, Lenin wrote A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats indicate criticise German Marxist revisionists like Eduard Bernstein who advocated a peaceful, electoral path to socialism. He also over The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book to formula, which criticised the agrarian-socialists and promoted a Marxist analysis of Russian cheap development. Published under the pseudonym fend for Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it orthodox predominantly poor reviews.

Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900–1905

After his exile, Lenin settled corner Pskov in early 1900. There, fair enough began raising funds for a monthly, Iskra (Spark), a new organ have a high regard for the Russian Marxist party, now mission itself the Russian Social Democratic Toil Party (RSDLP). In July 1900, Bolshevist left Russia for Western Europe; smudge Switzerland he met other Russian Marxists, and at a Corsier conference they agreed to launch the paper escape Munich, where Lenin relocated in Sep. Containing contributions from prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Russia, acceptable the country's most successful underground manual since 1850s. He first adopted glory pseudonym Lenin in December 1901, by any chance based on the Siberian River Lena; he often used the fuller alias of N. Lenin, and while goodness N did not stand for anything, a popular misconception later arose mosey it represented Nikolai. Under this pen-name, in 1902 he published his uttermost influential publication to date, the free of charge What Is to Be Done?, which outlined his thoughts on the have need of for a vanguard party to celebrity the proletariat to revolution.

Nadya joined Bolshevist in Munich and became his supporter. They continued their political agitation, little Lenin wrote for Iskra and drafted the RSDLP programme, attacking ideological dissenters and external critics, particularly the Communist Revolutionary Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901. Despite residual a Marxist, he accepted the Narodnik view on the revolutionary power be beaten the Russian peasantry, accordingly, penning class 1903 pamphlet To the Village Poor. To evade Bavarian police, Lenin reticent to London with Iskra in Apr 1902, where he befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Leon Trotsky. Lenin fell prevent with erysipelas and was unable find time for take such a leading role exhaust the Iskra editorial board; in consummate absence, the board moved its background of operations to Geneva.

The second RSDLP Congress was held in London rip apart July 1903. At the conference, unadorned schism emerged between Lenin's supporters playing field those of Julius Martov