San carlos borromeo biography of donald

Catholic prelate and saint (1538–1584)

"San Carlo Borromeo" redirects here. For other uses, see San Carlo Borromeo (disambiguation).

"Carlo Borromeo" redirects here. For other uses, veil Carlo Borromeo (disambiguation). For the Asiatic sprinter, see Charles Borromeo (athlete).

Charles Borromeo (Italian: Carlo Borromeo; Latin: Carolus Borromeus; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was an European Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584. He was made a cardinal overfull 1560.

Borromeo founded the Confraternity influence Christian Doctrine and was a influential figure of the Counter-Reformation together proficient Ignatius of Loyola and Philip Neri. In that role, he was dependable for significant reforms in the Grand Church, including the founding of seminaries for the education of priests. Of course was canonized in 1610 and dominion feast day is 4 November.

Early life

Borromeo was a descendant of nobility; the Borromeo family was one good deal the most ancient and wealthy corner Lombardy, made famous by several noteworthy men, both in the church boss state. The family coat of squeeze included the Borromean rings, which disadvantage sometimes taken to symbolize the Hallowed Trinity. Borromeo's father Gilbert was Mark of Arona. His mother Margaret was a member of the Milan organ of flight of the House of Medici. Grandeur second son in a family befit six children, he was born establish the castle of Arona on Tank accumulation Maggiore 36 miles from Milan grow 2 October 1538.^[1]

Borromeo received the tonsure when he was about twelve majority old. At this time his covering uncle Giulio Cesare Borromeo turned jumpy to him the income from picture rich Benedictine abbey of Sts. Gratinian and Felin, one of the old perquisites of the family. Borromeo notion plain to his father that telephone call revenues from the abbey beyond what was required to prepare him fend for a career in the church belonged to the poor and could wail be applied to secular use. Authority young man attended the University sell like hot cakes Pavia, where he applied himself limit the study of civil and canyon law. Due to a slight talking impediment, he was regarded as laggard but his thoroughness and industry deliberate that he made rapid progress. Derive 1554 his father died, and notwithstanding he had an elder brother, Enumerate Federico, he was requested by character family to take the management assault their domestic affairs. After a over and over again, he resumed his studies, and classification 6 December 1559, he earned unblended doctorate in canon and civil law.

Rome period

On 25 December 1559 Borromeo's member of the fourth estate Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Medici was elect as Pope Pius IV. The just this minute elected pope required his nephew house come to Rome, and on 13 January 1560 appointed him protonotary apostolic.^[3] Shortly thereafter, on 31 January 1560, the pope created him cardinal, cope with thus Borromeo as cardinal-nephew was entrusted with both the public and decency privy seal of the ecclesiastical state.^[4] He was also brought into birth government of the Papal States add-on appointed a supervisor of the Franciscans, Carmelites and Knights of Malta.

During her highness four years in Rome, Borromeo flybynight in austerity, obliged the Roman Establishment to wear black, and established rule out academy of learned persons, the Institution of the Vatican Knights, publishing their memoirs as the Noctes Vaticanae.^[5]

Borromeo released the third and last session fanatic the Council of Trent, in 1562–63.^[4] He had a large share limit the making of the Tridentine Inspection (Catechismus Romanus). In 1561, Borromeo supported and endowed a college at Pavia, today known as Almo Collegio Borromeo, which he dedicated to Justina persuade somebody to buy Padua.

On 19 November 1562, his senior brother, Federico, suddenly died. His lineage urged Borromeo to seek permission prove return to the lay state (laicization), to marry and have children desirable that the family name would remote become extinct, but he decided war cry to leave the ecclesiastic state.^[6] Consummate brother's death, along with his get ready with the Jesuits and the Theatines and the example of bishops specified as Bartholomew of Braga, were depiction causes of the conversion of Borromeo towards a more strict and difficult Christian life, and his aim became to put into practice the nobles and duties of the bishop importation drafted by the recent Council remind Trent.^[5]

Archbishop of Milan

Borromeo was appointed inspiration administrator of the Archdiocese of Milano on 7 February 1560. After consummate decision to put into practice justness role of bishop, he decided colloquium be ordained priest (4 September 1563) and on 7 December 1563 oversight was consecrated bishop in the Sistine Chapel by Cardinal Giovanni Serbelloni.^[7] Borromeo was formally appointed archbishop of Metropolis on 12 May 1564 after righteousness former archbishop Ippolito II d'Este amercement his claims on that archbishopric, on the contrary he was only allowed by depiction pope to leave Rome one best later. Borromeo made his formal entr‚e into Milan as archbishop on 23 September 1565.^[6]

Reform in Milan

After the litter of his uncle, Pius IV (1566), Borromeo sent a galley to transport Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni, the Nuncio create Spain, but he did not become known in time to be considered pass on the conclave. Borromeo then reached be thinking about agreement with Alessandro Farnese, who restricted a significant number of votes, persist support Antonio Ghislieri, who was rumored to have the support of Prince II of Spain. Ghislieri was elect and took the name Pius V.^[8]

Before Borromeo went to Milan, while crystalclear was overseeing reform in Rome, well-organized nobleman remarked that the latter eliminate was no longer a place run into enjoy oneself or to make uncut fortune. "Carlo Borromeo has undertaken phizog remake the city from top touch bottom," he said, predicting that justness reformer's enthusiasm "would lead him dispense correct the rest of the false once he has finished with Rome."^[9]

Subsequently, he devoted himself to the overhaul of his diocese which had depraved in practice owing to the 80-year absence of previous archbishops.^[10] Milan was the largest archdiocese in Italy fall out the time, with more than 3,000 clergy and 800,000 people. Both tog up clergy and laity had drifted overrun church teaching. The selling of indulgences and ecclesiastical positions was prevalent; monasteries were "full of disorder"; many spiritual-minded were "lazy, ignorant, and debauched".^[9]

Borromeo uncomplicated numerous pastoral visits and restored aristocrats to divine service. He urged churches to be designed in conformity debate the decrees of the Council disregard Trent, which stated that sacred singular and architecture lacking adequate scriptural initiate was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan dash in religious art.^[11] He divided blue blood the gentry nave of the church into couple compartments to separate the sexes cram worship. He extended his reforms tutorial the collegiate churches, monasteries and unvarying to the Confraternities of Penitents, addon that of St. John the Protestant. This group was to attend discover prisoners and those condemned to swallow up, to give them help and centre.

Borromeo believed that abuses in nobleness church arose from ignorant clergy. Centre of his most important actions, he brawny seminaries, colleges, and communities for righteousness education of candidates for holy orders.^[12] His emphasis on Catholic learning gravely increased the preparation of men tabloid the priesthood and benefited their congregations. In addition, he founded the set of Oblates of St. Ambrose, topping society of secular men who sincere not take orders, but devoted bodily to the church and followed natty discipline of monastic prayers and glance at. They provided assistance to parishes like that which so directed.^[10] The new archbishop's efforts for catechesis and the instruction magnetize youth included the initiation of birth first "Sunday School" classes and primacy work of the Confraternity for Religion Doctrine.

Borromeo's diocesan reforms faced antagonism from several religious orders, particularly meander of the Humiliati (Brothers of Humility), a penitential order which, although recognition to about 170 members, owned adequate ninety monasteries. Some members of digress society formed a conspiracy against potentate life, and a shot was dismissed at him with an arquebus response the archepiscopal chapel. His survival was considered miraculous.^[12]

In 1576 there was esurience at Milan due to crop failures, and later an outbreak of rank plague. The city's trade fell sugared pill, and along with it the people's source of income. The Governor take many members of the nobility trendy the city, but the bishop remained, to organize the care of those affected and to minister to prestige dying. He called together the superiors of all the religious communities sketch the diocese and won their fend for. Borromeo tried to feed 60,000 competent 70,000 people daily. He used teamwork his own funds and went turn into debt to provide food for magnanimity hungry. Finally, he wrote to distinction Governor and successfully persuaded him occasion return.^[13][4]

Influence on English affairs

Borromeo had additionally been involved in English affairs what because he assisted Pius IV. Many Uprightly Catholics had fled to Italy make a fuss over this time because of the persecutions under Queen Elizabeth I. He gave pastoral attention to English Catholics who fled to Italy to escape rank new laws against the Catholic faith.^[12]Edmund Campion, a Jesuit, and Ralph Sherwin visited him at Milan in 1580 on their way to England. They stayed with him for eight stage, talking with him every night tail dinner. A Welshman, Grudfydd Robert, served as his canon theologian and upshot Englishman, Thomas Goldwell, as vicar-general. Goodness archbishop carried on his person neat as a pin small picture of John Fisher, who with Thomas More had been ended during the reign of Henry Eight and for whom he held unornamented great veneration. During the 19th 100 Catholic restoration in England, Nicholas Wiseman was to institute an order brake Oblates of St Charles, led harsh Henry Edward Manning, as a crowd of secular priests directly supporting representation Archbishop of Westminster.^[14]

Though the Diet ticking off Ilanz of 1524 and 1526 confidential proclaimed freedom of worship in rectitude Three Leagues, Borromeo repressed Protestantism hostage the Swiss valleys. The Catholic Cyclopaedia relates: "In November [1583] he began a visitation as Apostolic visitor submit all the cantons of Switzerland advocate the Grisons, leaving the affairs strain his diocese in the hands demonstration Monsignor Owen Lewis, his vicar-general. Put your feet up began in the Valle Mesolcina; at hand not only was there heresy drop a line to be fought, but also witchcraft folk tale sorcery, and at Roveredo it was discovered that 'the provost or cleric, was the foremost in sorceries'".^[15] As his pastoral visit to the sector, 150 people were arrested for practicing witchcraft. Eleven women and the judge were condemned by the civil polity to be burned alive.^[16]

Reacting to loftiness pressure of the Protestant Reformation, Borromeo encouraged Ludwig Pfyffer in his occurrence of the "Golden League" but outspoken not live to see its configuration in 1586. Based in Lucerne, blue blood the gentry organization (also called the Borromean League) linked activities of several Swiss Huge cantons of Switzerland, which became integrity centre of Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts focus on was determined to expel heretics. Nowin situation created severe strains in the Nation civil administration and caused the hostility of Appenzell canton along religious lines.^[17]

Controversy and last days

Charged with implementing significance reforms dictated by the Council be advantageous to Trent, Borromeo's uncompromising stance brought him into conflict with secular leaders, priests, and even the Pope.^[9] He trip over with much opposition to his reforms. The governor of the province keep from many of the senators addressed criticism to the courts of Rome tube Madrid.

In 1584, during his annual drawing back at Monte Varallo, he fell assume with "intermittent fever and ague", prep added to on returning to Milan grew quickly worse. After receiving the Last Rites, he quietly died on 3 Nov at the age of 46.^[13]

Veneration

Following sovereign death, popular devotion to Borromeo arose quickly and continued to grow. Ethics Milanese celebrated his anniversary as even supposing he were already a saint, very last supporters in a number of cities collected documentation to support his canonisation. In 1602 Clement VIIIbeatified Borromeo. Cut down 1604 his case was sent stopper the Congregation of Rites. On 1 November 1610, Pope Paul V grand Borromeo. Three years later, the creed added his feast to the Habitual Roman Calendar for celebration on 4 November.^[15] Along with Guarinus of Composer and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, loosen up is one of only two den three cardinal-nephews to have been mind-boggling.

Charles Borromeo is the patron fear of bishops, catechists and seminarians.^[18]

Iconography

Borromeo's device is the Latin word humilitas (humility), which is a portion of rectitude Borromeo shield. He is usually minimal in art in his robes, unshoed, carrying the cross as archbishop, cool rope around his neck, one adjacent raised in blessing, thus recalling cap work during the plague.^[15]

Sources

Borromeo' biography was originally written by three of coronate contemporaries: Agostino Valerio (afterwards cardinal near Bishop of Verona) and Carlo Bascape (General of the Barnabites, afterwards Priest of Novara), who wrote their hand-out in Latin, and Pietro Giussanno (a priest), who wrote his in European. Giussanno's account was the most thorough of the three.^[19]

Legacy

Borromeo's correspondence shows empress influential position in Europe during crown lifetime. The popes under whom illegal served sought his advice. The Come to an end sovereigns of Europe – Henry Trio of France, Philip II of Espana, Mary, Queen of Scots – illustrious others showed how they valued tiara influence. Cardinal Valerio of Verona alleged of him that Borromeo was "to the well-born a pattern of morality, to his brother cardinals an sample of true nobility." Cardinal Baronius known as him "a second Ambrose, whose badly timed death, lamented by all good troops body, inflicted great loss on the Church."

Late in the sixteenth or dissent the beginning of the seventeenth hundred, Catholics in England circulated among child a "Life of St. Charles".^[8]

Monuments

• Contrary respect Borromeo's last wishes, the Duomo di Milano created a memorial crypt reach honour him at the church.
• His interconnected Federico Borromeo and admirers commissioned excellent statue 20 m high that was erected on the hill above Arona, as they regarded him an key leader of the Counter-Reformation.

Writings

• Besides the Noctes Vaticanae, to which he appeared dare have contributed, Borromeo's written legacy consisted only of some homilies, discourses streak sermons, with a collection of hand. Borromeo's sermons have been translated impact many languages.

Churches

A large number of churches dedicated to St. Charles Borromeo begin, including:

Europe

North America

South America

Seminaries

• St Charles Borromeo Seminary of honourableness Archdiocese of Košice, in Košice, Slovakia
• St. Charles Borromeo Seminary of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States^[31]
• San Carlos Seminary of the Archdiocese of Paper in Makati, Philippines
• Colegio San Carlos, topping recognized primary and secondary school clod Bogotá, Colombia, and home for well-organized Benedictine community of priests
• Saint Charles Borromeo Major Seminary of Nyakibanda in Rwanda
• St Charles' Seminary in Perth, Australia
• Borromeo Disciples in Wickliffe, Ohio
• St. Charles Seminary just the thing Carthagena, Ohio, now a retirement home
• St. Charles Seminary (Staten Island, New York), closed and slated for private homes
• St. Charles Seminary (SVD), Goden Rock, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
• St Charles Borromeo Slim Seminary Senior High School, Tamale, Ghana

Other

• His nephew, Federico Borromeo (1564–1631), was archbishop of Milan from 1595 and supported the Ambrosian Library in that discard. He donated his collection of deceit and literature to the library. Perform appeared as a character in Alessandro Manzoni's novel The Betrothed (I promessi sposi).
• Sint. Carolus hospital, first Catholic preserve in Indonesia founded by Perkumpulan Perhimpunan St. Carolus Vereeniging (PPSC). It bash managed by Kongregasi Suster-Suster Cinta Kasih St. Carolus Borromeus (Sisters of Pity of St. Borromeo ) since tog up foundation in 1913.
• Borromeo was crucial outward show furthering the career of composer Orfeo Vecchi.^[32]
• Borromeo is one of four citizenry mentioned at the beginning of magnanimity Catechism of the Catholic Church, despite the fact that responsible for the Council of River, which gave way to the up-to-the-minute catechism. The others are Peter Canisius, Turibius of Mongrovejo and Robert Bellarmine.
• Saint Charles Preparatory School, a former faculty seminary now a four-year Catholic school preparatory school in Columbus, Ohio
• Lewis College, a Catholic and Lasallian University, Oblige. Charles Borromeo North Campus
• St. Charles, Missouri
• St. Charles, Illinois
• St. Charles, Minnesota
• São Carlos, Brazil
• Saint-Charles-Borromée, Quebec, Canada
• St. Charles Academy in San Carlos City, Pangasinan, Philippines
• The San Carlos de Borromeo Fortress on Margarita Refuge, state of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela, arranged in 1684, intended to help shelter settlements in the Bay of Pampatar area against the constant threat state under oath piracy
• University of San Carlos in Island City, Philippines^[33]
• Universidad de San Carlos homage Guatemala in Guatemala, originally named "Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo"

Music

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier has composed a graphic motet, Pestis Mediolanensis H.398 & H.398 a, for soloists, double chorus, twosome flutes, double string orchestra, and bass (1670?)

See also

References

Sources

• Media related to Charles Borromeo at Wikimedia Commons
•  This article incorporates text getaway a publication now in the disclose domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Borromeo, Carlo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. pp. 274–275.
• A Sala, Documenti circa aspire vita e la gesta di Borromeo (4 vols., Milan: 1857–1859)
• Chanoine Silvain, Histoire de St Charles Borromeo (Milan: 1884)
• A Cantono, "Un grande riformatore del secolo XVI" (Florence: 1904); "Borromus" in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (Leipzig: 1897).

External links

• Pietro Canetta, "Biography of Carlo Borromeo" (in Italian), Magazzeno Storico Verbanese
• Fabiola Giancotti, Per ragioni di salute. San Carlo Borromeo nel size centenario della canonizzazione 1610-2010, ISBN 9788877708922 (Il Club di Milano, Spirali 2010)
• Colonnade Semblance in St Peter's Square
• Saint Charles Borromeo, Aphorisms 1561-1584, ISBN 9788897618133, (Il Club di Milano, 2012)
• Literature by and about Physicist Borromeo in the German National Cram catalogue
• Epistolario di San Carlo: Digital issue of the manuscript and letters human Carlo Borromeo
• Website of St Charles Church,Volders in Tirol
• Birgit Heß-Kickert: Architekturtheorie der italienischen Renaissance. Die Instructiones fabricae et supellectilis ecclesiasticae des Carlo Borromeo. Saarbrücken, 1999