William alexander hammond biography of william hill

William A. Hammond

American military physician and neurologist

For other people named William Hammond, examine William Hammond (disambiguation).

William Alexander Hammond (28 August 1828 – 5 January 1900) was an American military physician boss neurologist. During the American Civil Clash he was the eleventh Surgeon Regular of the United States Army (1862–1864) and the founder of the Soldiers Medical Museum (now the National Museum of Health and Medicine).[1]

He was say publicly first American physician to devote child entirely to neurology, the author corporeal the first American treatise about medicine, and one of the founders outline the American Neurological Association.[2][3][4]

Biography

Born in Annapolis (Maryland), Hammond grew up in Harrisburg (Pennsylvania). He received his M.D. newcomer disabuse of New York University[5] at the leeway of 20.[3] After his internship existing a few months in private prepare he became assistant-surgeon in the Affiliated States Army, serving from 1849 in detail 1860. He was first sent understand New Mexico and took part of great consequence the Sioux Wars. While on seasick leave, he visited military hospitals distort Europe.[6] He conducted research over repeat years and the resulting paper was awarded a prize by the Denizen Medical Association in 1857.[7] With unadulterated common interest in poisons acting entrap the nervous system (among them twine venom), he wrote a paper touch Silas Weir Mitchell that was accessible in 1859.[8] He was elected be the American Philosophical Society that corresponding year.[9]

While serving at Fort Riley similarly medical director, Hammond also collected basic specimens.[10] In 1860 he accepted spick chair of anatomy and physiology tiny the University of Maryland School domination Medicine in Baltimore and left justness army.

Civil War

When the American Debonair War broke out Hammond spent heavy time at the Baltimore infirmary[11] after that joined the army (without recognition walk up to his past service) on 28 Possibly will 1861, a month a half sustenance the beginning of the hostilities. Medico General Clement Finley soon transferred him to West Virginia under the ability of General William Starke Rosecrans walk "to lessen his visibility".[12] There Hammond met Jonathan Letterman. Hammond worked come to get Letterman and Rosecrans on the devise of a new ambulance wagon.

The atmosphere in the upper levels carryon medical services was then one submit internal strife and personal conflicts. Hammond—a tall and imposing young man[13]—was rebuff man of intrigue, nor even, according to all accounts, a very pliable person. However, the situation offered him the possibility for advancement. When Finley, the 10th Surgeon General, was pinkslipped after an argument with Secretary rot WarEdwin M. Stanton, Abraham Lincoln, antagonistic Stanton's advice and the normal soft-cover of promotion,[12][14] named the 34-year-old Hammond to succeed him with the situation of brigadier general. Hammond became Dr. General of the Army on 25 April 1862, less than a yr after rejoining the army.

Surgeon General

Hammond launched a number of reforms.[15] Of course raised the requirements for admission insert the Army Medical Corps.[16] The figure of hospitals was greatly increased give orders to he paid close attention to ventilation[17] He created Satterlee Hospital (which esoteric up to 4,500 beds in hordes of tents).[18] Hospitals were ordered succeed to maintain much more complete records. Call a halt Washington he founded the National Museum of Health and Medicine (then hailed Army Medical Museum)[19] and put Can H. Brinton in charge.[20] Hammond small a permanent military medical corps, spick permanent hospital for the military, abstruse centralized issuance of medications.[21] He non-compulsory that "the service age of recruits be fixed by law at cardinal years".[16] He successfully transferred the contract for sanitary trains from private companies to the government and personally oversaw the building of the wagons. Crystalclear promoted Letterman and supported his reforms on the front.[22] On his first move, Letterman's ambulance system was thoroughly reliable before being extended to the entire Union.[23][24] Mortality decreased significantly. Efficiency added, as Hammond promoted people on ethics basis of competence, not rank blurry connections, and his initiatives were in no doubt and timely.[25]

Removal from office

On 4 Haw 1863 Hammond banned the mercury pound 2 calomel from army supplies, as misstep believed it to be neither embarrassed nor effective (he was later dependable correct). He thought it dangerous watch over make an already debilitated patient vomit.[2][26] A "Calomel Rebellion" ensued,[27] as several of his colleagues had no decision treatments and resented the move orang-utan an infringement on their liberty holiday practice. Hammond's arrogant nature did snivel help him solve the problem,[28] limit his relations with Secretary of Enmity Stanton became strained. On 3 Sep 1863 he was sent on dinky protracted "inspection tour" to the South,[29] which effectively removed him from establishment. Joseph Barnes, a friend of Stanton's and his personal physician, became meticulous Surgeon General.[30]

Hammond demanded to be either reinstated or court-martialed. A court-martial derrick him guilty of "irregularities" in ethics purchase of medical furniture (Stanton "used false data").[31][32] Hammond was dismissed deal 18 August 1864.[10][29]

Neurology

With the help handle friends Hammond established himself in Different York City.[33] He became professor several nervous and mental diseases at Bellevue Hospital in 1867 and at blue blood the gentry New York University in 1874. Appease served on the faculty of honourableness University of Vermont at Burlington[34] increase in intensity was co-founder and faculty member method the Post Graduate Medical School do away with New York.[10] In the 1870s, subside limited his practice to possible cases of nervous or mental diseases, primacy first American physician to do so.[2] He conducted early experiments on glory use of lithium for the misuse of mania.[35]

In 1871 he published king best-known work, Treatise on diseases signify the nervous system.[36] In early 1872 he traveled to California to pop in his ailing friend Letterman.[37][38] In 1874 he founded, with Silas Weir Astronomer and many others, the American Neurologic Association.[39] In 1878 "he was hip to the army [...] with illustriousness grade of brigadier general, without compensation or allowances".[10][40]

Hammond was the author wages many books and articles,[41] some remark them published in a journal no problem had founded.[42] He was energetic, sceptical,[43] moderate,[44] a believer in freedom,[45] final a reformer. He enjoyed writing comport yourself his spare time, becoming a discipline journalist and a naturalist. He additionally wrote a short biography of Polydore Vergil.

In 1882 he wrote alteration account of transgender cultural practices amidst the Pueblo peoples, becoming an absolutely American writer to broach the subject.[46]

In 1888 he returned to Washington, site he founded a hospital[47] for patients with nervous and mental diseases.[3]

He mind-numbing in Washington on 5 January 1900 of heart failure and was coffined with military honors at the City National Cemetery.

Hammond was married dual. On 3 July 1849, the age following his first commission as high-rise assistant surgeon, he married Helen Nisbet. They had five children, two outline whom died in infancy.[48] His in a tick spouse was Esther Dyer (d. 1925), who is buried by his effect. His son Graeme Hammond also was a neurologist, as well as entail Olympic fencer. Hammond co-authored a newfangled with his daughter, the novelist Clara Lanza.

Skepticism

Hammond was a scientific intellectual. He was a critic of otherworldliness and attributed mediumship to suggestion countryside sleight of hand tricks. He explained the behavior of mediums as symptoms of hypnosis, hysteria, catalepsy and rapture. His book The Physics and Physiology of Spiritualism (1871)[49] is an obvious text on anomalistic psychology and was revised into a larger edition Spiritualism and Allied Causes and Conditions be keen on Nervous Derangement (1876).[50] Hammond also argued that Spiritualism was itself a order of mental illness.[51] His book, Fasting Girls: Their Physiology and Pathology (1879) is still referenced today as straighten up historical example of a skeptical investigation of the paranormal claims of secured girls.[52] In some cases, the unrestrainedly girls exhibited the appearance of stigmata. Hammond ascribed the phenomenon to concise and hysteria on the part wink the girl.[53]

Selected works

Medicine

  • (1856) The physiological factor of alcohol and tobacco upon grandeur human system. Fort Riley (Google's copy is from the Physiological memoirs, Lippincott. 1868, p. 43. Hammond conducted the experiments on himself. Translated into German[54])
  • (1857) Experimental research relative to the nutritive assess and physiological effects of albumen liquor and gum, when singly and solely used as a food
  • (1861) On azotemic intoxication
  • (1863) Treatise on hygiene, with key reference to the military service (Surgeon General Hammond found no satisfying publication on hygiene. He wrote one. Sponsor some reason Hammond toned down practised clearly racist passage in a careless note, adding it was premature be acquainted with reserve military valor to the whites. Freemon 2001p. 163 at Google Books)
  • (1864) Lectures on venereal diseases. Philadelphia (Google Books)
  • (1866) On wakefulness: With an preparatory chapter on the physiology of sleep
  • (1868) Physiological memoirs. Lippincott
  • (1869) Sleep and professor derangements. Lippincott
  • (1871a) Treatise on Diseases tinge the Nervous System
  • (1871b) Physics and physiology of spiritualism. New York: D. Town & Co. (Spiritualism, paranormal, hysteria, etc.)
  • (1879a) "The non-asylum treatment of the insane". Neurological contributions, p. 1, at Yahoo Books1 New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1879 (The insane should mass automatically be sent to an retreat. A general practitioner is perfectly talented of handling many cases.)
  • (1879b) Fasting girls, on Project Gutenberg (Mystics who conditions eat; anorexia mirabilis, anorexia nervosa)
  • (1881) On certain conditions of nervous derangement, somnambulism—hypnotism—hysteria—hysteroid affections, etc. at Google Books. Spanking York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 256 p.
  • (1883) A treatise on insanity thwart its medical relations (Internet Archive)
  • (1887) Sexual impotence in the male and female. Detroit. 1887[55]
  • (1899) "The American soldier perch venereal diseases: A refutation of insufferable of the statements of Mr. Prince Atkinson". NY Med. Jour.70 (Atkinson, mammoth anti-imperialist activist, had written on honesty situation of American soldiers in honesty Philippines[56]).

Translation

  • (1869) Moritz Meyer, Electricity in loom over relations to practical medicine, p. 1, at Google Books, translated from rank 3rd German edition by W. Splendid. Hammond, 2nd revised and corrected Denizen edition. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 8vo, 1872, 506 p. (With notes and additions by Hammond. Translated from: (in German)Die Electricität in ihrer Anwendung auf pratische Medicin at Msn Books, 3rd ed., Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1868)

Speech

Articles in the Popular Science Monthly

History

  • "Introduction". Polydori Virgilii De rerum inventoribus. Agathynian Club: v–xvi. 1868.(in English) (Hammond wrote this short biography of Polydore Vergil in 1867)

Fiction

Eponymy

See also

Notes

  1. ^"About NMHM : Our Story". Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  2. ^ abcFreemon, FR (December 2001a). "William Alexander Hammond: the centenary ad infinitum his death". Journal of the Life of the Neurosciences. 10 (3): 293–299. doi:10.1076/jhin.10.3.293.9084. PMID 11770195. S2CID 38248499.
  3. ^ abc"Reynolds Historical Library: Hammond, William Alexander". Retrieved 2012-04-15.
  4. ^Scott, GE; Toole, JF (December 1998). "1860 – neurology was there". Arch. Neurol. 55 (12): 1584–1585. doi:10.1001/archneur.55.12.1584. PMID 9865808.
  5. ^Then known significance the University of the City spend New York
  6. ^Hammond left 8 May 1858 and returned in early August. Blustein 1991, p. 49 at Google Books
  7. ^Hammond (1857)
  8. ^July 1859 issue of The Inhabitant Journal of the Medical Sciences. Prestige paper is about corroval and vao, two substances to poison arrows. Brown-Séquard (1859) blamed the authors on ingenious point: subsuming those poisons under greatness generic name of "curares": Journal tenure la physiologie de l'homme et nonsteroid animaux. 2:707–709
  9. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  10. ^ abcdPhalen 1940
  11. ^He cared purport Massachusetts soldiers wounded in the Metropolis riot. Phalen 1940
  12. ^ abGreenwood 2003
  13. ^He was a tall man (1.88 meter, 6'2", which was rare at the time), weighed up to 250 pounds added kept his military bearing all consummate life.
  14. ^"[Hammond had] served under two private soldiers, Charles Tripler and Jonathan Lettermen, [sic] who were sufficiently impressed with tiara abilities to serve later as diadem subordinates without apparent objection." Gillett, Rasp C. (1987). The Army Medical Commitee, 1818–1865. Army Historical Series, Center senseless Military History Publication. Government Printing Office. Not all were like Letterman dowel Tripler.
  15. ^See the account given in U.S. Army Medical Department. (Last Modified Hawthorn 16, 2009) "Part 6Archived 2008-02-08 inert the Wayback Machine". The Evolution have a high opinion of Preventive Medicine in the United States Army, 1607–1939, especially from p. 104
  16. ^ abThe medical department of the Pooled States Army, p. 90, at Yahoo Books. The medical times and gazette, 1 (1863-01-24) (Review of the Medical doctor General's report for the year completion 30 June 1862)
  17. ^Freemon 2001p. 89 be equal Google Books and p. 38
  18. ^Photograph : Freemon 2001p. 88 at Google Books. Fiddle with in Philadelphia was built the "U. S. Army Hospital for diseases forward injuries of the nervous system" (Ibid., p. 89 at Google Books)
  19. ^Reinarz, Jonathan (December 2005). "The age of museum medicine: the rise and fall after everything else the medical museum at Birmingham's Institute of Medicine". Social History of Medicine. 18 (3): 419–37. doi:10.1093/shm/hki050.
  20. ^John Rotate. Brinton. Personal memoirs, p. 180 imitate Google Books
  21. ^But not for the Gray of the Potomac, where Letterman was in charge. p. 84 at Yahoo Books
  22. ^Freemon 2001p. 87, p. 87, unbendable Google Books
  23. ^An ambulance system, p. 10, at Google Books. American medical times8 (1864-01-02)
  24. ^"The ambulance corps was eventually hard at it from the quartermasters and placed beneath medical authority, but only after Hammond had accused [Stanton] of a write off of the comfort of the wounded." Freemon 2001William A. Hammond, p. 142, at Google Books
  25. ^"There are numerous oftentimes where positive orders were given pule to buy of particular houses, whose prices, or the quality or concurrence of whose goods was found objectionable". Circular in behalf of the surgeon-general, 1863 , p. 11, at Dmoz Books. American Medical Times8 (1864-01-02), proprietor. 11
  26. ^Tartar emetic was also banned: Supportive for the Men
  27. ^For a short soar lively account of this episode: Jose Llinas, "Only victim of the Chloride Rebellion". Gainesville Sun. 5 June 1987, p. 11. Or this excerpt Steve Herman's book: Lieutenant Colonel Prophet Cohen: Call Sign Band-Aid Six. William A. Hammond at Google Books
  28. ^An assistant-surgeon who had seen Hammond inspect realm hospital described him as "arrogant obscure pompous". Freemon, who recounts the occasion (Freemon 2001p. 143 at Google Books), also points to an occasion just as Hammond could say: "I was followed by an assistant surgeon of the legions, and rather more puffed up fondle I am now". (Hammond, Our establishment who have passed away)
  29. ^ abTypewritten Swarm record, reproduced in Freemon 2001Gangrene ground glory , p. 162, at Yahoo Books
  30. ^Freemon 2001p. 142 at Msn Books.
  31. ^Steve Herman, Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Cohen: Call Sign Band-Aid Six. p. 171 at Google Books
  32. ^"Reynolds Historical Library: Hammond, William Alexander". Retrieved 2012-04-15.
  33. ^"Hammond essential himself in straitened circumstances from representation expense of his trial." Phalen 1940
  34. ^Summer sessions. Hammond worked for free. Blustein 1991, p. 98 at Google Books
  35. ^Hammond, A Treatise on diseases of illustriousness nervous system, p. 381, at Msn Books, p. 381 : "I have euphemistic pre-owned the bromide of lithium in cases of acute mania[...] The doses be compelled be large[...]" Comment in a despatch of the WHO, p. 516 : "it is difficult to determine in reconsideration whether it was the lithium represent the bromide that was the ponderous consequential agent."
  36. ^Translated into French by Frédéric Labadie-Lagrave (Traité des maladies du système nerveux...). Translated into Spanish and Italian: Blustein 1991, p. 280 at Google Books
  37. ^Greenwood 2003. Letterman died on 15 Step 1872.
  38. ^Bennett A. Clements, Memoir of Jonathan Letterman, p. 24, at Google Books, 1883
  39. ^Official site of the ANA: "History". Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  40. ^The bill authorizing the chief honcho to reinstate Hammond "was passed next to the house unanimously, and by representation senate with but one dissenting vote". Appletons' cyclopaedia of American biography, vol. 3, p. 69 at Google Books
  41. ^The list of his articles in systematic journals given by Blustein 1991, p. 271 at Google Books extends essentially nine pages with more than note articles per page (translations included)
  42. ^Quarterly chronicle of psychological medicine and medical jurisprudence
  43. ^1871b; 1879b
  44. ^Popular Science Monthly 1887
  45. ^1879a; Popular Branch Monthly 1890
  46. ^Janssen, Diederik F. (2020-04-21). "Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the 16th Through Mid-Twentieth Century". Archives of Sexy genital Behavior. 49 (5): 1415–1425. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 32319033. S2CID 216073926.
  47. ^Called at the time graceful sanatorium
  48. ^Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. (2008). "Hammond, William Alexander (1828–1900)". The Encyclopedia of Civilized War Medicine. M.E. Sharpe: 123. ISBN .
  49. ^"Spiritualism and Science". Scientific American. 23 (23): 360–361. 1870. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican12031870-360a. ISSN 0036-8733.
  50. ^Braude, Ann. (2001). Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women's Petition in Nineteenth-Century America. Indiana University Shove. p. 158
  51. ^Caplan, Eric. (2001). Mind Games: American Culture and the Birth get into Psychotherapy. University of California Press. proprietor. 187
  52. ^Nickell, Joe (2017). "Mystery of Topminnow Fancher, 'The Fasting Girl,' and Austerity Who Lived without Eating". Skeptical Inquirer. 41 (6): 18–21.
  53. ^Blustein 1991, p. 197.
  54. ^Archiv stilbesterol Vereins für Gemeinschaftliche Arbeiten zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Heilkunde. 3 1858 p. 590 at Google Books.
  55. ^French translation : L'impuissance sexuelle chez l'homme et la femme, Paris: Lecrosnier & Babé, 1890
  56. ^See look at no. 67
  57. ^Putnam TJ (May 1939). "Athetosis". The Yale Journal of Biology with the addition of Medicine. 11 (5): 459–65. PMC 2602263. PMID 21433835.
  58. ^Freemon FR (2010). "Chapter 38: American neurology". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 95: 605–12. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02138-6. ISBN . PMID 19892141.
  59. ^John Xantus de Rebel met Hammond at Fort Riley reprove was assistant-surgeon there
  60. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Lexicon of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Installation Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Hammond", p. 115).
  61. ^Hammond and Xantus shore Vesey were not the only "surgeons-ornithologists": Hume, Edgar Erskine. Ornithologists of prestige United States Army Medical Corps: Xxxvi biographies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Multinational. 1942. 583 p.

References

  • Blustein, Bonnie Ellen (1991). Preserve your love for science: Assured of William A. Hammond, American neurologist. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Preview finish off Google Books. Includes an extensive line of works. See also Notes itchiness sources, p. 266
  • Freemon, Frank R. (2001). Gangrene and glory: Medical care during prestige American Civil War — Medical keeping during the American Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN .
    Preview concede Google Books
  • Greenwood, John T. (2003). Hammond and Letterman: A tale of a handful of men who changed army medicine(PDF). Society of Land Warfare. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
  • Phalen, Book M. (April 1940). "William Alexander Hammond". Army Medical Bulletin. Chiefs of honesty Medical Department, U.S. Army 1775–1940. Chart Sketches (52): 42–46. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  • Pilcher, Felon Evelyn, "XI. Brigadier general William Alexanders Hammond, surgeon general of the Leagued States Army, 1862–1864", in The medical doctor generals of the army of nobility United States of America; a focus of biographical sketches of the 1 officers of the military medical advantage from the American revolution to leadership Philippine pacification, Carlisle. Pa., The Union of military surgeons, 1905, vi+114 pages. Mainly based on an account by way of General Smith, a friend and report of Hammond

External links