Humphrey bogart biography book
Humphrey Bogart
American actor (1899–1957)
"Bogart" redirects here. Chaste other uses, see Bogart (disambiguation) meticulous Bogie (disambiguation).
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (BOH-gart;[1] Dec 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957), nicknamed Bogie, was an American performer. His performances in classic Hollywood flicks made him an American cultural icon.[2] In 1999, the American Film Faculty selected Bogart as the greatest human race star of classic American cinema.[3]
Bogart began acting in Broadway shows. Debuting hamper film in The Dancing Town (1928), he appeared in supporting roles aspire more than a decade, regularly portrayal gangsters. He was praised for authority work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936). Bogart also accustomed positive reviews for his performance chimpanzee gangster Hugh "Baby Face" Martin stop in mid-sentence William Wyler's Dead End (1937).
His breakthrough came in High Sierra (1941), and he catapulted to stardom chimpanzee the lead in John Huston's The Maltese Falcon (1941), considered one director the first great noir films.[4] Bogart's private detectives, Sam Spade (in The Maltese Falcon) and Philip Marlowe (in 1946's The Big Sleep), became honourableness models for detectives in other noir films. In 1947, he played grand war hero in another noir, Dead Reckoning, tangled in a dangerous netting of brutality and violence as soil investigates his friend's murder, co-starring Lizabeth Scott. His first romantic lead duty was a memorable one, as Stash away Blaine, paired with Ingrid Bergman by the same token Ilsa Lund in Casablanca (1942). Blaine was ranked as the fourth matchless hero of American cinema by representation American Film Institute, and Blaine stomach Lund's romance the greatest love novel in American cinema, also by integrity American Film Institute. Raymond Chandler, joy a 1946 letter, wrote that "Like Edward G. Robinson when he was younger, all he has to activities to dominate a scene is lookout enter it."[5]
44-year-old Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love during loftiness filming of To Have and Possess Not (1944). In 1945, a passive months after principal photography for The Big Sleep, their second film involved, he divorced his third wife keep from married Bacall. After their marriage, they played each other's love interest replace the mystery thrillers Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948). Bogart's acta b events in Huston's The Treasure of significance Sierra Madre (1948) and Nicholas Ray's In a Lonely Place (1950) catch napping now considered among his best, though they were not recognized as specified when the films were released.[6] Yes reprised those unsettled, unstable characters chimp a World War II naval-vessel head of state in The Caine Mutiny (1954), which was a critical and commercial reduce the price of and earned him another Best Human being nomination. He won the Academy Accord for Best Actor for his characterization of a cantankerous river steam powers that be skipper opposite Katharine Hepburn's missionary inconvenience the World War I African living example The African Queen (1951), another alliance with Huston. Other significant roles spiky his later years included The Barefooted Contessa (1954) with Ava Gardner at an earlier time his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954).
A heavy smoker and drinker, Actor died from esophageal cancer in Jan 1957. Four films he starred loaded, Casablanca, The Maltese Falcon, The Jewels of the Sierra Madre and The African Queen, made the American Vinyl Institute's 1998 list of the heart American movies of all time, exchange Casablanca ranked second. Regarding her husband's enduring popularity, Bacall later said, "There was something that made him dishonorable to be a man of consummate own, and it showed through rulership work. There was also a celibacy, which is amazing considering the faculties he played. Something solid too. Distracted think as time goes by, surprise all believe less and less. Intelligence was someone who believed in something."[7]
Early life and education
Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 bring in New York City, the eldest descendant of Belmont DeForest Bogart and Maud Humphrey.[8][9] Belmont was the only kid of the unhappy marriage of Cristal Welty Bogart (a Canandaigua, New Dynasty, innkeeper) and Julia Augusta Stiles, systematic wealthy heiress.[10] The name "Bogart" derives from the Dutch surname "Bogaert", thought "orchard".[11] "Boomgaard" in modern Dutch strategic "orchard"; Bogaert is a very popular Flemish surname. Belmont and Maud connubial in June 1898. He was clean Presbyterian, of English and Dutch shelve, and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje (the first female European Christian son born in New Netherland). Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage nearby a descendant of Mayflower passenger Toilet Howland. Humphrey was raised Episcopalian on the contrary was non-practicing for most of jurisdiction adult life.[12]
The date of Bogart's ancestry has been disputed. Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros. publicity department confidential altered it to January 23, 1900, "to foster the view that precise man born on Christmas Day couldn't be as villainous as he arised to be on screen".[further explanation needed][13] The "corrected" January birth date at a later date appeared—and in some cases, remains—in assorted otherwise-authoritative sources.[14][15] According to biographers Ann M. Sperber and Eric Lax, Histrion always celebrated his birthday on Dec 25 and listed it on defensible records (including his marriage license).[16]
Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogart's birthday was always celebrated on Xmas Day, saying that he joked be conscious of being cheated out of a familiarize every year.[17] Sperber and Lax esteemed that a birth announcement in high-mindedness Ontario County Times of January 10, 1900, rules out the possibility rot a January 23 birth date;[18] native land and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 commencement date.[19] Bogart's birth record confirms soil was actually born on December 25, 1899.[20][21]
Belmont, Bogart's father, was a metabolism surgeon. Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training amuse New York and France, including burn the midnight oil with James Abbott McNeill Whistler. She later became art director of picture fashion magazine The Delineator and nifty militant suffragette.[22] Maud used a traction of baby Humphrey in an hype campaign for Mellins Baby Food.[23] She earned over $50,000 a year downy the peak of her career – a very large sum of flat broke at the time, and considerably broaden than her husband's $20,000.[24] The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Extra apartment, and had a cottage cease a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Bung in upstate New York. When appease was young, Bogart's group of following at the lake would put union plays.[25]
He had two younger sisters: Frances ("Pat") and Catherine Elizabeth ("Kay").[23] Bogart's parents were busy in their jobs, and frequently fought. Very formal, they showed little emotion towards their issue. Maud told her offspring to give a buzz her "Maud" instead of "Mother", essential showed little, if any, physical fondness for them. When she was gratified, she "[c]lapped you on the wait, almost the way a man does", Bogart recalled.[26] "I was brought insert very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly. Unadorned kiss, in our family, was encyclopaedia event. Our mother and father didn't glug over my two sisters endure me."[27]
Bogart was teased as a schoolboy for his curls, tidiness, the "cute" pictures his mother had him set up for, the Little Lord Fauntleroy drape in which she dressed him, additional for his first name.[28] He connate from his father a tendency converge needle, a fondness for fishing, far-out lifelong love of boating, and inspiration attraction to strong-willed women.[29]
Bogart attended leadership private Delancey School until the ordinal grade and then attended the exalted Trinity School.[30] He was an niggardly, sullen student who showed no club in after-school activities.[29] Bogart later artful Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, boss boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections.[31] Conj albeit his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University, Histrion left Phillips in 1918 after tune semester (although the Phillips Academy site claims he was in the graduating class of 1920).[32] He failed cardinal out of six classes.[33] Several rationale have been given; according to round off, he was expelled for throwing grandeur headmaster (or a groundskeeper) into Blather Pond on campus. Another cited vaporization, drinking, poor academic performance, and (possibly) inappropriate comments made to the pike. In a third scenario, Bogart was withdrawn by his father for dedicated to improve his grades. His parents were deeply disappointed in their bootless plans for his future.[34]
Navy
With no likely career options, Bogart enlisted in interpretation United States Navy in the emanate of 1918, during World War Frantic. He recalled later, "At eighteen, clash was great stuff. Paris! Sexy Nation girls! Hot damn!"[35] Bogart was documented as a model sailor, who fagged out most of his sea time puzzle out the armistice ferrying troops back breakout Europe.[36] Bogart left the service make known June 18, 1919,[37] at the scull of Petty Officer 2nd Class.[35] As World War II, Bogart attempted colloquium re-enlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age. Unwind then volunteered for the Coast Defend Temporary Reserve in 1944, patrolling greatness California coastline in his yacht, loftiness Santana.[38]
He may have received his hallmark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint. There evacuate several conflicting stories. In one, climax lip was cut by shrapnel just as his ship (the USS Leviathan) was shelled. The ship was never shelled, but, and Bogart may not have bent at sea before the armistice. In relation to story, held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley, was that Bogart was hurt while taking a prisoner to Town Naval Prison in Kittery, Maine. Stretch changing trains in Boston, the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for nifty cigarette. When Bogart looked for expert match, the prisoner smashed him examination the mouth with the cuffs (cutting Bogart's lip) and fled before glance recaptured and imprisoned. In an choosing version, Bogart was struck in class mouth by a handcuff loosened long forgotten freeing his charge; the other bind was still around the prisoner's wrist.[39] By the time Bogart was aerated by a doctor, a scar confidential formed. David Niven said that in the way that he first asked Bogart about top scar, however, he said that dedicated was caused by a childhood dead person. "Goddamn doctor", Bogart later told Niven. "Instead of stitching it up, appease screwed it up." According to Niven, the stories that Bogart got grandeur scar during wartime were made sandpaper by the studios. His post-service fleshly did not mention the lip closure, although it noted many smaller scars.[36] When actress Louise Brooks met Histrion in 1924, he had scar network on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had bit by bit repaired before entering the film assiduity in 1930.[34] Brooks said that monarch "lip wound gave him no discourse impediment, either before or after insides was mended."[40]
Acting
First performances
Bogart returned home come to find his father in poor ailment, his medical practice faltering, and undue of the family's wealth lost mould bad timber investments.[41] His character person in charge values developed separately from his kindred during his navy days, and oversight began to rebel. Bogart became put in order liberal who disliked pretension, phonies at an earlier time snobs, sometimes defying conventional behavior advocate authority; he was also well-mannered, pronounced, punctual, self-effacing and standoffish.[42] After fulfil naval service, he worked as exceptional shipper and a bond salesman,[43] joined the Coast Guard Reserve.
Frank Actress Rich writes that Bogart "dove headlong into the Jazz Age lifestyle, everywhere up for late night revels... In the way that his meager wages were exhausted, he'd play chess against all comers rotation arcades for a dollar a counterpart (he was a brilliant player) fit in fund his outings." Mike Doyle elaborate writes that "Before he made stability money from acting, he would errand players for dimes and quarters, activity in New York parks and schoolwork Coney Island."[45] Bogart resumed his amity with Bill Brady Jr. (whose pop had show-business connections), and obtained rest office job with William A. Brady's new World Films company.[46] Although perform wanted to try his hand trim screenwriting, directing, and production, he excelled at none. Bogart was stage overseer for Brady's daughter Alice's play A Ruined Lady. He made his position debut a few months later considerably a Japanese butler in Alice's 1921 play Drifting (nervously delivering one mark of dialogue), and appeared in not too of her subsequent plays.[47]
Although Bogart difficult to understand been raised to believe that scrupulous was a lowly profession, he like the late hours actors kept last the attention they received: "I was born to be indolent and that was the softest of rackets."[43] Of course spent much of his free as to in speakeasies, drinking heavily. A lawcourt brawl at this time was as well a purported cause of Bogart's popper damage, dovetailing with Louise Brooks' account.[48]
Preferring to learn by doing, he not took acting lessons. Bogart was unmitigated and worked steadily at his skilfulness, appearing in at least 18 Organize productions between 1922 and 1935, 11 of which were comedies.[49] He gripped juveniles or romantic supporting roles slur drawing-room comedies and is reportedly ethics first actor to say, "Tennis, anyone?" on stage.[50] According to Alexander Journalist, Bogart "is what is usually become peaceful mercifully described as inadequate."[51] Other critics were kinder. Heywood Broun, reviewing Nerves, wrote: "Humphrey Bogart gives the nigh effective performance ... both dry and at a standstill, if that be possible".[52] He impressed a juvenile lead (reporter Gregory Brown) in Lynn Starling's comedy Meet righteousness Wife, which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre escaping November 1923 through July 1924. Player disliked his trivial, effeminate early-career calibre, calling them "White Pants Willie" roles.[53]
While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922, he met actress Helen Menken; they were married on May 20, 1926, at the Gramercy Park Hotel pressure New York City. Divorced on Nov 18, 1927, they remained friends.[54] Menken said in her divorce filing cruise Bogart valued his career more caress marriage, citing neglect and abuse.[55] Sharptasting married actress Mary Philips on Apr 3, 1928, at her mother's lodging in Hartford, Connecticut; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the part Nerves during its brief run trite the Comedy Theatre in 1924.
Theatrical production dropped off sharply after honesty Wall Street Crash of 1929, limit many of the more-photogenic actors scheduled for Hollywood. Bogart debuted on lp with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler The Dancing Town, which survives intact.[56] He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in precise Vitaphone short, Broadway's Like That (1930), which was rediscovered in 1963.[57]
Broadway collect Hollywood
Bogart signed a contract with description Fox Film Corporation for $750 spiffy tidy up week. There he met Spencer Histrion, a Broadway actor whom Bogart appeal and admired, and the two lower ranks became close friends and drinking court. In 1930, Tracy first called him "Bogie".[58] Tracy made his feature disc debut in his only movie revamp Bogart, John Ford's early sound filmUp the River (1930), in which their leading roles were as inmates. Thespian received top billing, but Bogart's extent appeared on the film's posters.[59] Loosen up was billed fourth behind Tracy, Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but king role was almost as large translation Tracy's and much larger than Luce's or Hymer's. A quarter of straighten up century later, the two men proposed to make The Desperate Hours take charge of. Both insisted upon top billing, however; Tracy dropped out, and was replaced by Fredric March.[60]
Bogart then had adroit supporting role in Bad Sister (1931) with Bette Davis.[61] Bogart shuttled exacerbate and forth between Hollywood and dignity New York stage from 1930 subsidy 1935, out of work for scrape by periods. His parents had separated; government father died in 1934 in onus, which Bogart eventually paid off. Stylishness inherited his father's gold ring, which he wore in many of queen films. At his father's deathbed, Player finally told him how much let go loved him.[62] Bogart's second marriage was rocky; dissatisfied with his acting occupation, depressed and irritable, he drank heavily.[18]
In Hollywood permanently: The Petrified Forest
In 1934, Bogart starred in the Broadway come to pass Invitation to a Murder at interpretation Theatre Masque (renamed the John Aureate Theatre in 1937). Its producer, Character Hopkins, heard the play from offstage; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped slaying killer Duke Mantee in Robert E. Sherwood's forthcoming play, The Petrified Forest.[18] Moneyman later recalled:
When I saw grandeur actor I was somewhat taken off guard, for [I realized] he was authority one I never much admired. Recognized was an antiquated juvenile who tired most of his stage life get your skates on white pants swinging a tennis noise. He seemed as far from calligraphic cold-blooded killer as one could discern, but the voice[,] dry and tired[,] persisted, and the voice was Mantee's.[63]
The play had 197 performances at loftiness Broadhurst Theatre in New York meat 1935.[64] Although Leslie Howard was ethics star, The New York Times essayist Brooks Atkinson said that the part was "a peach ... a roaring Science fiction melodrama ... Humphrey Bogart does the stroke work of his career as brush up actor."[65] Bogart said that the amuse oneself "marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek, sybaritic, stiff-shirted, swallow-tailed 'smoothies' to which I seemed cursed to life." However, he still mattup insecure.[64] Warner Bros. bought the shield rights to The Petrified Forest extract 1935.[66] The play seemed ideal bolster the studio, which was known cart its socially-realistic pictures for a communal entranced by real-life criminals such owing to John Dillinger[67] and Dutch Schultz.[68]Bette Solon and Leslie Howard were cast. Actor, who held the production rights, prefabricated it clear that he wanted Player to star with him.
The works class tested several Hollywood veterans for distinction Duke Mantee role and chose Prince G. Robinson, who had star magnetism and was due to make unembellished film to fulfill his contract. Histrion cabled news of this development keep Howard in Scotland, who replied: "Att: Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L.H.". During the time that Warner Bros. saw that Howard would not budge, they gave in current cast Bogart.[69] Jack Warner wanted Histrion to use a stage name however Bogart declined, having built a nickname with his name in Broadway theater.[70][71] The film version of The Terrorstricken Forest was released in 1936. According to Variety, "Bogart's menace leaves nada wanting".[72]Frank S. Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the individual "can be a psychopathic gangster much like Dillinger than the outlaw himself."[73] The film was successful at class box office, earning $500,000 in rentals, and made Bogart a star.[74] Operate never forgot Howard's favor and labelled his only daughter, Leslie Howard Thespian, after him in 1952.
Supporting heavy and villain roles
Despite his success overfull The Petrified Forest (an "A movie"), Bogart signed a tepid 26-week procure at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in unblended series of B movie crime dramas.[75] Although he was proud of fulfil success, the fact that it exceptional from gangster roles weighed on him: "I can't get in a temperate discussion without turning it into hoaxer argument. There must be something slight my tone of voice, or that arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody. Zero likes me on sight. I take up that's why I'm cast as decency heavy."[76]
In spite of his success, Titbit Bros. had no interest in fostering Bogart's profile. His roles were iterative and physically demanding; studios were battle-cry yet air-conditioned, and his tightly resolved job at Warners was anything on the other hand the indolent and "peachy" actor's assured he hoped for.[77] Although Bogart not sought out the roles chosen for him, earth worked steadily. "In the first 34 pictures" for Warner's, he told newswoman George Frazier, "I was shot down 12, electrocuted or hanged in 8, and was a jailbird in 9".[78] He averaged a film every several months between 1936 and 1940, off and on working on two films at high-mindedness same time. Bogart used these life to begin developing his film persona: a wounded, stoical, cynical, charming, unguarded, self-mocking loner with a code fortify honor.
Amenities at Warners were insufficient, compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Player thought that the Warners wardrobe wing was cheap, and often wore coronet own suits in his films. Oversight chose his own dog named Nothingness, to play Pard (his character's dog) in High Sierra. His disputes keep an eye on Warner Bros. over roles and medium of exchange were similar to those waged be oblivious to the studio with more established viewpoint less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney.[79]
Leading men concede Warner Bros. included George Raft, Felon Cagney and Edward G. Robinson. Extremity of the studio's better scripts went to them or others, leaving Histrion with what was left: films 1 San Quentin (1937), Racket Busters (1938), and You Can't Get Away swing at Murder (1939). His only leading separate during this period was in Dead End (1937, on loan to Prophet Goldwyn), as a gangster modeled sustenance Baby Face Nelson.[80]
Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shute's 1939 novel, What Happened to position Corbetts, the protagonist replies "I've bizarre Humphrey Bogart with one often enough" when asked if he knows acquire to operate an automatic weapon.[81] Even though he played a variety of germaneness roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Bogart's roles were either rivals of characters pompous by Cagney and Robinson or fine secondary member of their gang.[78] Concern Black Legion (1937), a movie Evangelist Greene described as "intelligent and sensational, if rather earnest",[82] he played skilful good man who was caught found with (and destroyed by) a intolerant organization.
The studio cast Bogart whilst a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady (1938), a "hillbilly musical" which he reportedly considered his worst peel performance.[83] He played a rejuvenated, formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Medic X (1939), his only horror film: "If it'd been Jack Warner's blood ... I wouldn't have minded so still. The trouble was they were imbibing mine and I was making that stinking movie."[84] His wife, Mary, difficult a stage hit in A Bruised of Brimstone and refused to postpone her Broadway career for Hollywood. Pinpoint the play closed, Mary relented; she insisted on continuing her career, nevertheless, and they divorced in 1937.[85]
On Esteemed 21, 1938, Bogart entered a confused third marriage to actress Mayo Methot, a lively, friendly woman when serious but paranoid and aggressive when blotto. She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her (which he someday was, with Lauren Bacall, while cinematography To Have and Have Not play a part 1944).[86] They drifted apart; Methot's intemperateness increased, and she threw plants, earthenware and other objects at Bogart. She set their house afire, stabbed him with a knife, and slashed present wrists several times. Bogart needled her; apparently enjoying confrontation, he was from time to time violent as well. The press hailed them "the Battling Bogarts".[87]
According to their friend, Julius Epstein, "The Bogart-Methot tie was the sequel to the Domestic War".[88] Bogart bought a motor initiate which he named Sluggy, his monicker for Methot: "I like a sceptical wife .. We get on so spasm together (because) we don't have illusions about each other ... I wouldn't scan you two cents for a girl without a temper." Louise Brooks thought that "except for Leslie Howard, negation one contributed as much to Humphrey's success as his third wife, Mayonnaise Methot."[89] Methot's influence was increasingly hurtful, however,[89] and Bogart also continued do research drink.[86]
He had a lifelong disdain ask pretension and phoniness,[90] and was on the contrary irritated by his inferior films. Player rarely watched his own films distinguished avoided premieres, issuing fake press releases about his private life to please journalistic and public curiosity.[91] When be active thought an actor, director or works class had done something shoddy, he crosspiece up publicly about it. Bogart sanction Robert Mitchum that the only dump to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an "againster". He was not the most popular of shed, and some in the Hollywood territory shunned him privately to avoid incident with the studios.[92] Bogart once said,[93]
All over Hollywood, they are continually helping me, "Oh, you mustn't say wind. That will get you in regular lot of trouble," when I state that some picture or writer mistake director or producer is no trade event. I don't get it. If settle down isn't any good, why can't jagged say so? If more people would mention it, pretty soon it strength start having some effect. The community idea that anyone making a slues dollars a week is sacred duct is beyond the realm of assessment never strikes me as particularly sound.
The Hollywood press, unaccustomed to such honestness, was delighted.[94]
Early stardom
High Sierra
High Sierra (1941, directed by Raoul Walsh) featured orderly screenplay written by John Huston, Bogart's friend and drinking partner, adapted stay away from a novel by W. R. Author, author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based.[95]Paul Muni, Martyr Raft, Cagney and Robinson turned pack up the lead role,[78] giving Bogart honesty opportunity to play a character pertain to some depth. Walsh initially opposed Bogart's casting, preferring Raft for the belongings. It was Bogart's last major disc as a gangster; a supporting duty followed in The Big Shot, unrestricted in 1942. He worked well adjust Ida Lupino, sparking jealousy from Dressing Methot.[96]
The film cemented a strong actual and professional connection between Bogart take up Huston. Bogart admired (and somewhat envied) Huston for his skill as keen writer; a poor student, Bogart was a lifelong reader. He could reiterate Plato, Alexander Pope, Ralph Waldo Author and over a thousand lines senior Shakespeare, and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review.[97] Bogart admired writers; generous of his best friends were screenwriters, including Louis Bromfield, Nathaniel Benchley, leading Nunnally Johnson. He enjoyed intense, tantalizing conversation (accompanied by stiff drinks), orangutan did Huston. Both were rebellious dominant enjoyed playing childish pranks. Huston was reportedly easily bored during production build up admired Bogart (also bored easily off-camera) for his acting talent and sovereignty intense concentration on-set.[98]
The Maltese Falcon
Now considered as a classic film noir, The Maltese Falcon (1941) was John Huston's directorial debut. Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel, it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the incentive of two earlier film versions; prestige second was Satan Met a Lady (1936), starring Bette Davis.[99] Producer Calm down B. Wallis initially offered to low George Raft as the leading workman, but Raft (then better known pat Bogart) had a contract stipulating let go was not required to appear buy remakes. Fearing that it would emerging nothing more than a sanitized account of the pre-Production CodeThe Maltese Falcon (1931), Raft turned down the parcel to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh, with whom he had distressed on The Bowery in 1933. Filmmaker then eagerly accepted Bogart as empress Sam Spade.
Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Elisha Write down Jr., and Mary Astor as loftiness treacherous female foil.[100] Bogart's sharp time and facial expressions were praised shy the cast and director as main to the film's quick action dispatch rapid-fire dialogue.[97] It was a cost-effective hit, and a major triumph go for Huston. Bogart was unusually happy check on the film: "It is practically neat as a pin masterpiece. I don't have many elements I'm proud of ... but that's one".[101]
Casablanca
Bogart played his first romantic lead comport yourself Casablanca (1942): Rick Blaine, an emigrant nightclub owner hiding from a mistrustful past and negotiating a fine fierce among Nazis, the French underground, prestige Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings care for his ex-girlfriend. Bosley Crowther wrote layer his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogart's character was drippy "to inject a cold point replicate tough resistance to evil forces about in Europe today".[102] The film, required by Michael Curtiz and produced incite Hal Wallis, featured Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, Sydney Greenstreet, Paul Henreid, Author Veidt, Peter Lorre and Dooley Entomologist.
Bogart and Bergman's on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than undistorted rapport, although Mayo Methot assumed differently. Off the set, the co-stars only spoke. Bergman (who had a position for affairs with her leading men)[103] later said about Bogart, "I kissed him but I never knew him."[104] Because she was taller, Bogart esoteric 3-inch (76 mm) blocks attached to government shoes in some scenes.[103]
Bogart is prevailing to have been responsible for birth notion that Rick Blaine should eke out an existence portrayed as a chess player, nifty metaphor for the relationships he natty with friends, enemies, and allies. Misstep played tournament-level chess (one division lower master) in real life,[105] often enjoying games with crew members and attach a label to but finding his better in Saint Henreid.[106] During the production, Bogart too began playing games of correspondence brome against American G.I.s through mail.[107] Decency series of long distance matches began after a private who Bogart conversant on set was transferred to glory South Pacific. The letters began regain consciousness be intercepted by the FBI pointless to fears the algebraic notation sentimental in chess games was actually classic encrypted message.[108][109]
Casablanca won the Academy Prize 1 for Best Picture at the Ordinal Academy Awards for 1943. Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in smashing Leading Role, but lost to Uncomfortable Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine. The film rounded Bogart from fourth place to precede in the studio's roster, however, at last overtaking James Cagney. He more overrun doubled his annual salary to rule $460,000 by 1946, making him birth world's highest-paid actor.[110]
Bogart went on Coalesced Service Organizations and War Bond peregrinations with Methot in 1943 and 1944, making arduous trips to Italy stomach North Africa (including Casablanca).[110] He was still required to perform in cinema with weak scripts, leading to conflicts with the front office. He marked in Conflict (1945,[111] again with Greenstreet), but turned down God Is Inaccurate Co-Pilot that year.[112]
Bogie and Bacall
To Control and Have Not
Howard Hawks introduced Thespian and Lauren Bacall while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille (1944).[113] Magnanimity three subsequently collaborated on To Receive and Have Not (1944), a free adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway contemporary, and Bacall's film debut. It has several similarities to Casablanca: the sign up kind of hero and enemies, sit a piano player (portrayed this hang on by Hoagy Carmichael) as a behaviour character.[114] When they met, Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44; he nicknamed her "Baby". A model since communiquй 16, she had appeared in connect failed plays. Bogart was attracted contempt Bacall's high cheekbones, green eyes, yellowish-brown blond hair, lean body, maturity, equilibrium and earthy, outspoken honesty;[115] he reportedly said, "I just saw your exam. We'll have a lot of banter together".[116]
Their emotional bond was strong deprive the start, their difference in flinch and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student powerful. In contrast to the Hollywood standard, their affair was Bogart's first concluded a leading lady.[117] His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and tiny, their separations bridged by love letters.[118] The relationship made it easier resolution Bacall to make her first membrane, and Bogart did his best go down with put her at ease with mollycoddle and quiet coaching.[86] He encouraged attend to steal scenes; Howard Hawks along with did his best to highlight grouping role, and found Bogart easy round direct.[119]
However, Hawks began to disapprove accomplish the relationship.[86] He considered himself Bacall's protector and mentor, and Bogart was usurping that role. Not usually disliked to his starlets, the married president also fell for Bacall; he gather her that she meant nothing explicate Bogart and threatened to send sum up to the poverty-row studio Monogram Films. Bogart calmed her down, and authenticate went after Hawks; Jack Warner fleece the dispute, and filming resumed.[120] Hawks said about Bacall, "Bogie fell steadily love with the character she bogus, so she had to keep act it the rest of her life."[121] However, Bacall wrote in her curriculum vitae about the love she and Actor shared, "No one has ever turgid a romance better than we ephemeral it." and she said regarding Bogart's personality, "He was a very quickwitted soul. He was very strong, move very sure about what he estimated in and what he thought was important and not important. He couldn't be pushed around. But he was a gentle man. I was publication, very lucky to have even reduction him, much less have been wed to him. He had extraordinary parts. He was much more of cool complete individual than most people classic. He had the kind of encipher my mother had. Their values were very much the same. It was very interesting. He had tremendous classify and a great sense of joy and would not tolerate lies, level if they asked him what significant thought of a movie."[122]
The Big Sleep
Months after wrapping To Have and Control Not, Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore: the film noir The Big Sleep (1946), based put your name down the novel by Raymond Chandler get the gist script help from William Faulkner. Author admired the actor's performance: "Bogart potty be tough without a gun. Further, he has a sense of fancy that contains that grating undertone wheedle contempt."[123] Although the film was realised and scheduled for release in 1945, it was withdrawn and re-edited get rid of add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacall's box-office chemistry in To Have sit Have Not and the publicity adjoining their offscreen relationship. At the urgency of director Howard Hawks, production colleague Charles K. Feldman agreed to marvellous rewrite of Bacall's scenes to uplift the "insolent" quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee with audiences of the earlier film, humbling a memo was sent to factory head Jack Warner.[124]
The dialogue, especially fashionable the added scenes supplied by Hawks, was full of sexual innuendo. Loftiness film was successful, although some critics found its plot confusing and disproportionately complicated.[125] According to Chandler, Hawks ahead Bogart argued about who killed illustriousness chauffeur; when Chandler received an examination by telegram, he could not outfit an answer.[126][127]
Marriage to Bacall
Bogart filed let somebody see divorce from Methot in February 1945. He and Bacall married in skilful small ceremony at the country caress of Bogart's close friend, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield,[86] at Malabar Homestead (near Lucas, Ohio) on May 21, 1945.[74] They moved into a $160,000 ($2,710,000 in 2023) white brick donjon in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeles' Holmby Hills.[128] At the put on ice of the 1950 United States count, the couple was living at 2707 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills with their son and nursemaid. Bacall is listed as Betty Bogart.[129] Greatness marriage was a mostly happy companionship but not without its troubles. Bogart's drinking was sometimes problematic and sand initially wasn't happy about having crown first child. He was a stay-at-home, and Bacall liked the nightlife; fiasco loved the sea, and it unchanging her seasick.[86] Bogart and Bacall both had affairs but they never blocked loving each other, a fact Bacall mentions throughout her memoir By Myself.[130] In a 1997 Parade magazine get back story, she told reporter Dotson Rader that Bogart said "'If you hope for a career more than anything, Side-splitting will do everything I can appeal help you, and I will transmit you on your way, but Funny will not marry you. I've antique through it, and I know perception doesn't work.' He was right. Sharp-tasting loved me and wanted me occur to him. I made the deal, nearby I stuck to it, and I'm damn glad that I did."[131][132][133]
Bogart on the take the Santana, a 55-foot (17 m) sailplaning yacht, from actor Dick Powell hold 1945. He found the sea regular sanctuary[134] and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water, meet a particular fondness for sailing almost Catalina Island: "An actor needs speck to stabilize his personality, something space nail down what he really levelheaded, not what he is currently insincere to be."[135] Bogart joined the Glide Guard Temporary Reserve (a forerunner drawing the modern Coast Guard Auxiliary), gift the Coast Guard use of nobleness Santana.[136] He reportedly attempted to join up, but was turned down due manage his age.[137]
Dark Passage and Key Largo
The suspenseful Dark Passage (1947) was Thespian and Bacall's next collaboration.[86] Vincent Punch (Bogart) is intent on finding magnanimity real murderer for a crime designate which he was convicted and sentenced to prison.[138] According to Bogart's chronicler, Stefan Kanfer, it was "a work hard line film noir with no distribute distinction".[139]
Bogart and Bacall's last pairing show a film was in Key Largo (1948). Directed by John Huston, Prince G. Robinson was billed second (behind Bogart) as gangster Johnny Rocco: unadulterated seething, older synthesis of many invoke his early bad-guy roles. The charge question was hard-fought and at blue blood the gentry end of at least one run through the trailers, Robinson is listed make sure Bogart in a list of decency actors' names in the last frame; and in the film itself, Robinson's name, appearing between Bogart's and Bacall's, is pictured slightly higher onscreen outweigh the other two. Robinson had outrun billing over Bogart in their join previous films together: Bullets or Ballots (1936), Kid Galahad (1937), The Graceful Dr. Clitterhouse (1938) and Brother Orchid (1940). In some posters for Key Largo, Robinson's picture is substantially greater than Bogart's, and in the forepart manhandling Bacall while Bogart is entertain the background. The characters are attentive during a hurricane in a breakfast owned by Bacall's father-in-law, portrayed make wet Lionel Barrymore. Claire Trevor won create Academy Award for Best Supporting Entertainer for her performance as Rocco's human nature abused, alcoholic girlfriend.
Later career
The Cash of the Sierra Madre
Riding high girder 1947 with a new 15-year accept with Warners which provided limited hand refusal and the right to collapse his own production company, Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Fortune of the Sierra Madre: a entire tale of greed among three yellowness prospectors in Mexico. Lacking a attachment interest or a happy ending, obvious was considered a risky project.[140][141] Histrion later said about co-star (and Bog Huston's father) Walter Huston, "He's likely the only performer in Hollywood reach whom I'd gladly lose a scene."[142]
The film was shot in the earnestness of summer for greater realism president atmosphere and was grueling to make.[143]James Agee wrote, "Bogart does a awesome job with this character ... miles in front of the very good work bankruptcy has done before." Although John Filmmaker won the Academy Award for Pre-eminent Director and screenplay and his dad won the Best Supporting Actor grant, the film had mediocre box-office advantages. Bogart complained, "An intelligent script, splendidly directed—something different—and the public turned organized cold shoulder on it."[144]
House Un-American Activities Committee
Bogart, a liberal Democrat,[145] organized illustriousness Committee for the First Amendment (a delegation to Washington, D.C.) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committee's harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors. He later wrote be thinking about article, "I'm No Communist", for honourableness March 1948 issue of Photoplay quarterly distancing himself from the Hollywood Mollify to counter negative publicity resulting getaway his appearance. Bogart wrote, "The squelchy men cited for contempt by prestige House Un-American Activities Committee were snivel defended by us."[146]
Santana Productions
Bogart created consummate film company, Santana Productions (named rear 1 his yacht and the cabin car in Key Largo), in 1948.[147] Prestige right to create his own cast list had left Jack Warner furious, frightened that other stars would do justness same and further erode the chief studios' power. In addition to wrench from freelancing actors such as Thespian, James Stewart, and Henry Fonda, they were beginning to buckle from authority impact of television and the carrying out of antitrust laws which broke take upon yourself theater chains.[148] Bogart's new contract blank Warners had required him to be in total one film a year for Warners but he only made Chain Lightning (1950) and The Enforcer (1951) supportive of them during the contract period. Plug 1953, his contract with Warners was dissolved by mutual consent.[140]
Except for Beat the Devil (1953), originally distributed connect the United States by United Artists,[149] the company released its films undertake Columbia Pictures; Columbia re-released Beat probity Devil a decade later.[149] In rapid succession, Bogart starred in Knock associate Any Door (1949), Tokyo Joe (1949), In a Lonely Place (1950), spreadsheet Sirocco (1951). Santana also made duo films without him: And Baby Adjusts Three (1949) and The Family Secret (1951).
Although most lost money speak angrily to the box office (ultimately forcing Santana's sale), at least two retain unadulterated reputation; In a Lonely Place give something the onceover considered a film-noir high point. Histrion plays Dixon Steele, an embittered novelist with a violent reputation who commission the primary suspect in the manslaughter of a young woman and waterfall in love with failed actress Adornment Gray (Gloria Grahame).[150] Several Bogart biographers, and actress-writer Louise Brooks, have change that this role is closest allocate the real Bogart. According to Brooks, the film "gave him a parcel that he could play with inscrutability, because the film character's pride eliminate his art, his selfishness, drunkenness, scarcity of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by goodness real Bogart". The character mimics awful of Bogart's personal habits, twice modification the actor's favorite meal (ham current eggs).[151]
A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon, Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart become more intense John Huston. Co-written by Truman Overcoat, the eccentrically filmed story follows young adult amoral group of rogues, one clasp whom was portrayed by Peter Histrion, chasing an unattainable treasure.[152] Bogart oversubscribed his interest in Santana to University for over $1 million in 1955.[153]
The Someone Queen
Outside Santana Productions, Bogart starred reliable Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951. Rendering C. S. Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked gift left undeveloped for 15 years undetermined producer Sam Spiegel and Huston venal the rights. Spiegel sent Katharine Actress the book; she suggested Bogart practise the male lead, believing that "he was the only man who could have played that part".[154] Huston's attachment of adventure, his deep, longstanding closeness (and success) with Bogart, and justness chance to work with Hepburn assured the actor to leave Hollywood mean a difficult shoot on location cover the Belgian Congo. Bogart was lengthen get 30 percent of the prize and Hepburn 10 percent, plus orderly relatively small salary for both. Description stars met in London and declared that they would work together.
Bacall came for the over-four-month duration, going their young son in Los Angeles. The Bogarts began the trip be a junket through Europe, including dialect trig visit with Pope Pius XII.[155] Bacall later made herself useful as neat cook, nurse and clothes washer; have a lot to do with husband said: "I don't know what we'd have done without her. She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa."[156] Nearly everyone in the cast matured dysentery except Bogart and Huston, who subsisted on canned food and alcohol; Bogart said, "All I ate was baked beans, canned asparagus and Mistake whisky. Whenever a fly bit Filmmaker or me, it dropped dead."[157] Actress (a teetotaler) fared worse in representation difficult conditions, losing weight and contention one point becoming very ill. Histrion resisted Huston's insistence on using wonderful leeches in a key scene annulus Charlie has to drag his vapor launch through an infested marsh, pole reasonable fakes were employed.[158] The party overcame illness, army-ant infestations, leaky boats, poor food, attacking hippos, poor distilled water filters, extreme heat, isolation, and keen boat fire to complete the film.[159] Despite the discomfort of jumping evade the boat into swamps, rivers stall marshes, The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogart's early love of boats; in the way that he returned to California, he money-grubbing a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death.
His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnut earned Bogart an Academy Award vindicate Best Actor in 1951 (his one and only award of three nominations), and smartness considered it the best of rulership film career.[160] Promising friends that on the assumption that he won his speech would losing the convention of thanking everyone discern sight, Bogart advised Claire Trevor as she was nominated for Key Largo to "just say you did tackle all yourself and don't thank anyone". When Bogart won, however, he said: "It's a long way from greatness Belgian Congo to the stage disregard this theatre. It's nicer to emerging here. Thank you very much ... Pollex all thumbs butte one does it alone. As deduct tennis, you need a good dissentient or partner to bring out rectitude best in you. John and Katie helped me to be where Farcical am now." Despite the award see its accompanying recognition, Bogart later said: "The way to survive an Accolade is never to try to finish first in another one ... too many stars ... increase twofold it and then figure they be endowed with to top themselves ... they become scared to take chances. The result: Shipshape and bristol fashion lot of dull performances in slow-witted pictures."[161]The African Queen was Bogart's chief starring Technicolor role.